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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Focused on the most common pronunciation challenges in English.

Unvoiced TH /θ/

  • • ANTHEM /ˈænθəm/
  • • ANYTHING /ˈeniθɪŋ/
  • • ATHLETE /ˈæθliːt/
  • • BATH /bæθ/
  • • BATHROBE /ˈbæθroʊb/
  • • BATHTUB /ˈbæθtʌb/
  • • BENEATH /bɪˈniːθ/
  • • BIRTH /bɜːrθ/
  • • BIRTHDAY /ˈbɜːrθdeɪ/
  • • BLUETOOTH /ˈbluːtuːθ/
  • • BREATH /breθ/
  • • BROTH /brɑːθ/
  • • CLOTH /klɔːθ/
  • • DEATH /dɛθ/
  • • EARTH /ɜːrθ/
  • • ELEVENTH /ɪˈlɛvənθ/
  • • ETH /ɛθ/
  • • EVERYTHING /ˈɛvrɪθɪŋ/
  • • HEALTH /hɛlθ/
  • • HEALTHY /ˈhɛlθi/
  • • LENGTH /lɛŋkθ/
  • • MARATHON /ˈmærəθən/
  • • MATH /mæθ/
  • • MATHEMATICS /ˌmæθəˈmætɪks/
  • • MITH /mɪθ/
  • • MONTH /mʌnθ/
  • • MONTHS /mʌnθs/
  • • MOTH /mɑːθ/
  • • MOUTH /maʊθ/
  • • NORTH /nɔːrθ/
  • • NOTHING /ˈnʌθɪŋ/
  • • OATH /oʊθ/
  • • PANTHER /ˈpænθər/
  • • PARENTHESIS /pəˈrɛnθəsɪs/
  • • PATH /pæθ/
  • • PATHWAY /ˈpæθweɪ/
  • • PLYMOUTH /ˈplɪməθ/
  • • PYTHON /ˈpaɪθɑːn/
  • • SIXTH /sɪksθ/
  • • SOMETHING /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
  • • SOUTH /saʊθ/
  • • STRENGTH /strɛŋkθ/
  • • TEETH /tiːθ/
  • • TENTH /tɛnθ/
  • • THANK YOU /θæŋk juː/
  • • THANKFUL /ˈθæŋkfəl/
  • • THANKFULNESS /ˈθæŋkfnəs/
  • • THANKS /θæŋks/
  • • THANKSGIVING /ˌθæŋksˈɡɪvɪŋ/
  • • [to] THAW /θɔː/
  • • THEATER /ˈθiətər/
  • • THEFT /θɛft/
  • • THERMOMETER /θərˈmɑːmɪtər/
  • • THERMOS /ˈθɜːrməs/
  • • THETA /ˈθeɪtə/
  • • THICK /θɪk/
  • • THIEF /θiːf/
  • • THIEVES /θiːvz/
  • • THIGH /θaɪ/
  • • THIN /θɪn/
  • • THING /θɪŋ/
  • • [to] THINK /θɪŋk/
  • • THIRD /θɜːrd/
  • • THIRST /θɜːrst/
  • • THIRSTY /ˈθɜːrsti/
  • • THIRTEEN /θɜːrˈtiːn/
  • • THIRTEENTH /ˌθɜːrˈtiːnθ/
  • • THONGS /θɔːŋz/
  • • THORN /θɔːrn/
  • • THOUGHT /ˈθɔːt/
  • • THOUGHTFUL /ˈθɔːtfəl/
  • • THOUSAND /ˈθaʊzənd/
  • • THREAD /θrɛd/
  • • THREE /θriː/
  • • THREW /θruː/
  • • THRICE /θraɪs/
  • • THROAT /θroʊt/
  • • THROUGH /θruː/
  • • THROUGHOUT /θruːˈaʊt/
  • • [to] THROW /θroʊ/
  • • THROWN /θroʊn/
  • • THRU /θruː/
  • • THUMB /θʌm/
  • • THUNDER /ˈθʌndər/
  • • THURSDAY /ˈθɜːrzdeɪ/
  • • TOOTH /tuːθ/
  • • TOOTHACHE /ˈtuːθeɪk/
  • • TOOTHBRUSH /ˈtuːθbrʌʃ/
  • • TOOTHPASTE /ˈtuːθpeɪst/
  • • TOOTHPICK /ˈtuːθpɪk/
  • • TRUTH /truːθ/
  • • TRUTHFUL /ˈtruːθfəl/
  • • UNDERNEATH /ˌʌndərˈniːθ/
  • • WEALTH /wɛlθ/
  • • WEALTHY /ˈwɛlθi/
  • • WITH /wɪθ/
  • • WORTH /wɜːrθ/
  • • YOUTH /juːθ/
  • • ZENITH /ˈziːnɪθ/

Unvoiced SH /ʃ/

  • • [to] BRUSH /brʌʃ/
  • • BRUSH /brʌʃ/
  • • BUSH /bʊʃ/
  • • CLASH /klæʃ/
  • • [to] CLASH /klæʃ/
  • • CLASH /klæʃ/
  • • DICTIONARY /ˈdɪkʃəˌnɛri/
  • • EXTINGUISHER /ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃər/
  • • -ISH /ɪʃ/
  • • [to] MASH /mæʃ/
  • • SHADE /ʃeɪd/
  • • SHADOW /ˈʃædoʊ/
  • • [to] SHAKE /ʃeɪk/
  • • SHALL /ʃæl/
  • • SHAME /ʃeɪm/
  • • SHAMPOO /ʃæmˈpuː/
  • • [to] SHARE /ʃɛr/
  • • SHARK /ʃɑːrk/
  • • SHARP /ʃɑːrp/
  • • [to] SHAVE /ʃeɪv/
  • • SHE /ʃiː/
  • • [to] SHED /ʃɛd/
  • • SHED /ʃɛd/
  • • SHEEP /ʃiːp/
  • • SHEET /ʃiːt/
  • • SHERRY /ˈʃɛri/
  • • SHILLING /ˈʃɪlɪŋ/
  • • [to] SHIP /ʃɪp/
  • • SHIP /ʃɪp/
  • • SHIRT /ʃɜːrt/
  • • [to] SHIVER /ˈʃɪvər/
  • • SHIT /ʃɪt/
  • • SHOES /ʃuːz/
  • • SHOP /ʃɑːp/
  • • SHORT /ʃɔːrt/
  • • SHOT /ʃɑːt/
  • • SHOULD /ʃʊd/
  • • [to] SHOUT /ʃaʊt/
  • • SHOVEL /ˈʃʌvəl/
  • • [to] SHOW /ʃoʊ/
  • • SHOW /ʃoʊ/
  • • SHOWER /ˈʃaʊər/
  • • SHRANK /ʃræŋk/
  • • SHRIMP /ʃrɪmp/
  • • [to] SHRINK /ʃrɪŋk/
  • • SHRUNK /ʃrʌŋk/
  • • SHY /ʃaɪ/
  • • SMASHED /smæʃt/
  • • [to] SPLASH /splæʃ/
  • • SUNSHINE /ˈsʌnʃaɪn/
  • • TRASH /træʃ/
  • • [to] WASH /wɑːʃ/
  • • WASHED /wɑːʃt/
  • • WASHING /ˈwɑːʃɪŋ/
  • • WASHINGTON /ˈwɑʃɪŋtən/


EXCEPTIONS:

  • • CHARADE /ʃəˈreɪd/
  • • CHAUVINISTIC /ˌʃoʊvəˈnɪstɪk/
  • • CHEF /ʃɛf/
  • • LEISURE /ˈliːʒər/
  • • MACHINE /məˈʃiːn/
  • • NATION /ˈneɪʃən/
  • • NATIONALITY /ˌnæʃəˈnælɪti/
  • • SITUATION /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/
  • • SUGAR /ˈʃʊɡər/
  • • SURE /ʃʊr/

Voiced G /dʒ/

  • • FOLIAGE /ˈfoʊliɪdʒ/
  • • LARGE /lɑːrdʒ/
  • • MESSAGE /ˈmɛsɪdʒ/
  • • ORANGE /ˈɔːrɪndʒ/
  • • SNOWLIAGE /ˈsnoʊliɪdʒ/


EXCEPTIONS:

  • • [to] JINX /dʒɪŋks/
  • • JINX /dʒɪŋks/
  • • SCHEDULE /ˈskedʒuːl/

Silent A

  • • ARTISTICALLY /ɑːrˈtɪstɪkli/
  • • CRITICALLY /ˈkrɪtɪkli/
  • • LOGICALLY /ˈlɑːdʒɪkli/
  • • MUSICALLY /ˈmjuːzɪkli/
  • • PHYSICALLY /ˈfɪzɪkli/

Silent B

  • • BOMB /bɑːm/
  • • [to] CLIMB /klaɪm/
  • • [to] COMB /koʊm/
  • • COMB /koʊm/
  • • CRUMB /krʌm/
  • • CUCUMBER /ˈkjuːkʌmbər/
  • • [to] DOUBT /daʊt/
  • • DOUBT /daʊt/
  • • DUMB /dʌm/
  • • LAMB /læm/
  • • LIMB /lɪm/
  • • NUMB /nʌm/
  • • PLUMBER /ˈplʌmər/
  • • SUBTLE /ˈsʌtl/
  • • [to] SUCCUMB /səˈkʌm/
  • • THUMB /θʌm/

Silent C

  • • CONSCIENCE /ˈkɑnʃəns/
  • • CONSCIOUS /ˈkɑnʃəs/
  • • CRESCENT /ˈkrɛsənt/
  • • DESCEND /dɪˈsɛnd/
  • • DESCENT /dɪˈsɛnt/
  • • DISCIPLE /dɪˈsaɪpəl/
  • • [to] EVANESCE /ˌɛvəˈnɛs/
  • • FLUORESCENT /ˌflʊəˈrɛsənt/
  • • MUSCLE /ˈmʌsəl/

Silent D

  • • BADGE /bædʒ/
  • • EDGE /ɛdʒ/
  • • HANDSOME /ˈhændsəm/
  • • HEDGE /hɛdʒ/
  • • KNOWLEDGE /ˈnɑːlɪdʒ/
  • • SANDWICH /ˈsænwɪtʃ, ˈsændwɪtʃ/
  • • WEDGE /wɛdʒ/
  • • WEDNESDAY /ˈwɛnzdeɪ/

Silent E

  • • AGE /eɪdʒ/
  • • [to] BREATHE /briːð/
  • • BRIDGE /brɪdʒ/
  • • CAKE /keɪk/
  • • [to] CHANGE /ʧeɪndʒ/
  • • CHANGE /ʧeɪndʒ/
  • • CLOTHES /kloʊðz/
  • • FACE /feɪs/ - rosto
  • • FIVE /faɪv/
  • • GENE /dʒin/
  • • [to] HATE /heɪt/
  • • [to] HAVE /hæv/

Silent G

  • • [to] ALIGN /əˈlaɪn/
  • • [to] ASSIGN /əˈsaɪn/
  • • CAMPAIGN /kæmˈpeɪn/
  • • CHAMPAGNE /ʃæmˈpeɪn/
  • • COLOGNE /kəˈloʊn/
  • • [to] DESIGN /dɪˈzaɪn/
  • • DESIGN /dɪˈzaɪn/
  • • DIPHTHONG /ˈdɪfθɔŋ/
  • • FOREIGNER /ˈfɔrənər/
  • • GNOME /noʊm/
  • • -ING /ɪn/
  • • [to] RESIGN /rɪˈzaɪn/
  • • [to] SIGN /saɪn/
  • • SIGN /saɪn/

Silent GH

  • • DAUGHTER /ˈdɔːtər/
  • • DROUGHT /draʊt/
  • • EIGHT /eɪt/
  • • EIGHTEEN /ˌeɪˈtiːn/
  • • THOUGHT /θɔːt/
  • • THOUGHTFUL /ˈθɔːtfəl/
  • • THROUGHOUT /θruːˈaʊt/
  • • THOUGH /ðoʊ/

Silent H

  • • [to] HANG /hæŋ/
  • • [to] HAVE /hæv/
  • • HAS /hæz/
  • • HAT /hæt/
  • • HE /hiː/
  • • HEART /hɑːrt/
  • • HEATER /ˈhiːtər/
  • • HELL /hɛl/
  • • HELLO /həˈloʊ/
  • • HEN /hɛn/
  • • HER /hɜːr/
  • • HERS /hɜːrz/
  • • HERSELF /hɜːrˈsɛlf/
  • • HEY /heɪ/
  • • HI /haɪ/
  • • [to] HIKE /haɪk/
  • • HIKE /haɪk/
  • • HILL /hɪl/
  • • HIM /hɪm/
  • • HIMSELF /hɪmˈsɛlf/
  • • HISTORY /ˈhɪstəri/
  • • [to] HIT /hɪt/
  • • HOLE /hoʊl/
  • • HOME /hoʊm/
  • • HOOK /hʊk/
  • • [to] HOPE /hoʊp/
  • • HOPE /hoʊp/
  • • HORIZON /həˈraɪzən/
  • • HOSE /hoʊz/
  • • HOST /hoʊst/
  • • HOT /hɑːt/
  • • HOUSE /haʊs/
  • • HUG /hʌɡ/
  • • [to] HUM /hʌm/
  • • HUM /hʌm/
  • • HUNG /hʌŋ/
  • • HUNT /hʌnt/
  • • HURRY /ˈhɜːri/
  • • HUSH /hʌʃ/

Silent H

  • • GHOST /ɡoʊst/
  • • HONEST /ˈɑnɪst/
  • • HONESTY /ˈɑnəsti/
  • • HOUR /ˈaʊər/
  • • MECHANIC /məˈkænɪk/
  • • RHYME /raɪm/
  • • RHYTHM /ˈrɪðəm/
  • • RHODE ISLAND /roʊd ˈaɪlənd/
  • • SCHEME /skiːm/
  • • SCHOOL /skuːl/
  • • VEHICLE /ˈviːɪkəl/
  • • WHALE /weɪl/
  • • WHAT /wʌt/
  • • WHEAT /wiːt/
  • • WHEEL /wiːl/
  • • WHEN /wɛn/
  • • WHERE /wɛr/
  • • WHETHER /ˈwɛðər/
  • • WHILE /waɪl/
  • • [to] WHISPER /ˈwɪspər/
  • • WHISTLE /ˈwɪsəl/
  • • WHITE /waɪt/
  • • WHY /waɪ/

Silent K

  • • KNACK /næk/
  • • KNEE /niː/
  • • KNEW /nuː/
  • • KNICKERS /ˈnɪkərz/
  • • KNIFE /naɪf/
  • • KNIGHT /naɪt/
  • • [to] KNIT /nɪt/
  • • KNITTING /ˈnɪtɪŋ/
  • • KNOB /nɑːb/
  • • KNOCK /nɑːk/
  • • KNORR /nɔːr/)
  • • [to] KNOW /noʊ/
  • • KNOWLEDGE /ˈnɑːlɪdʒ/
  • • KNOWN /noʊn/
  • • KNUCKLE /ˈnʌkəl/

Silent L

  • • CALM /kɑːm/
  • • COULD /kʊd/
  • • HALF /hæf/
  • • SALMON /ˈsæmən/
  • • SHOULD /ʃʊd/
  • • [to] STALK /stɔːk/
  • • STALK /stɔːk/
  • • STALKED /stɔːkt/
  • • STALKING /ˈstɔːkɪŋ/
  • • [to] TALK /tɔːk/
  • • TALKED /tɔːkt/
  • • TALKING /ˈtɔːkɪŋ/
  • • [to] WALK /wɔːk/
  • • WALKED /wɔːkt/
  • • WALKING /ˈwɔːkɪŋ/
  • • WOULD /wʊd/
  • • YOLK /joʊk/

Voiced TH /ð/

  • • ALTHOUGH /ɔːlˈðoʊ/
  • • ANOTHER /əˈnʌðər/
  • • BATHE /beɪð/
  • • BATHING /ˈbeɪðɪŋ/
  • • [to] BREATHE /briːð/
  • • BREATHING /ˈbriːðɪŋ/
  • • BROTHER /ˈbrʌðər/
  • • BROTHERHOOD /ˈbrʌðərˌhʊd/
  • • BROTHER-IN-LAW /ˈbrʌðər ɪn lɔː/
  • • CLOTHES /kloʊðz, kloʊz/
  • • CLOTHING /ˈkloʊðɪŋ/
  • • EITHER /ˈiːðər, ˈaɪðər/
  • • FATHER /ˈfɑːðər/
  • • FATHER-IN-LAW /ˈfɑːðər ɪn lɔː/
  • • FARTHER /ˈfɑːrðər/
  • • FARTHEST /ˈfɑːrðɪst/
  • • FEATHER /ˈfɛðər/
  • • FURTHER /ˈfɜːrðər/
  • • FURTHEST /ˈfɜːrðɪst/
  • • [to] GATHER /ˈɡæðər/
  • • GRANDFATHER /ˈɡrænˌfɑːðər/
  • • GRANDMOTHER /ˈɡrænˌmʌðər/
  • • LEATHER /ˈlɛðər/
  • • MOTHER /ˈmʌðər/
  • • MOTHER-IN-LAW /ˈmʌðər ɪn lɔː/
  • • NEITHER /ˈniːðər, ˈnaɪðər/
  • • OTHER /ˈʌðər/
  • • RATHER /ˈræðər/
  • • RHYTHM /ˈrɪðəm/
  • • SMOOTH /smuːð/ - liso
  • • SMOOTHIE /ˈsmuːði/
  • • [to] SUNBATHE /ˈsʌnˌbeɪð/
  • • SUNBATHING /ˈsʌnˌbeɪðɪŋ/
  • • THAT /ðæt/
  • • THAN /ðæn/
  • • THE /ðə, ðiː/
  • • THEIR /ðɛr/
  • • THEIRS /ðɛrz/
  • • THEM /ðɛm/
  • • THEMSELVES /ðɛmˈsɛlvz/
  • • THEN /ðɛn/
  • • THERE /ðɛr/
  • • THEREFORE /ˈðɛrˌfɔːr/
  • • THESE /ðiːz/
  • • THEY /ðeɪ/
  • • THEY'D /ðeɪd/
  • • THEY'LL /ðeɪl/
  • • THEY'RE /ðɛr/
  • • THEY'VE /ðeɪv/
  • • THIS /ðɪs/
  • • THOSE /ðoʊz/
  • • THOU /ðaʊ/
  • • THOUGH /ðoʊ/
  • • TRUSTWORTHY /ˈtrʌstwɜːrði/
  • • WEATHER /ˈwɛðər/
  • • WHETHER /ˈwɛðər/
  • • WITHOUT /wɪˈðaʊt/
  • • WORTHY /ˈwɜːrði/

Unvoiced CH /ʧ/

  • • [to] ACHIEVE /əˈtʃiːv/
  • • [to] APPROACH /əˈproʊtʃ/
  • • APPROACH /əˈproʊtʃ/
  • • ARCHER /ˈɑːrtʃər/
  • • ARCHERY /ˈɑːrtʃəri/
  • • [to] ATTACH /əˈtætʃ/
  • • BATCH /bætʃ/
  • • BEACH /biːʧ/
  • • BENCH /bɛnʧ/
  • • BITCH /bɪʧ/
  • • BRANCH /brænʧ/
  • • BUTCHER /ˈbʊʧər/
  • • [to] CATCH /kæʧ/
  • • CHAIN /ʧeɪn/
  • • CHAIR /ʧɛr/
  • • CHALK /ʧɔːk/
  • • CHALLENGE /ˈʧælɪndʒ/
  • • CHAMPION /ˈʧæmpiən/
  • • CHANCE /ʧæns/
  • • CHANNEL /ˈʧænəl/
  • • [to] CHANT /ʧænt/
  • • CHANT /ʧænt/
  • • CHAPTER /ˈʧæptər/
  • • CHARCOAL /ˈʧɑːrkoʊl/
  • • CHARGE /ʧɑːrdʒ/
  • • CHARITY /ˈʧærəti/
  • • CHARM /ʧɑːrm/
  • • CHARMING /ˈʧɑːrmɪŋ/
  • • CHART /ʧɑːrt/
  • • [to] CHASE /ʧeɪs/
  • • CHASED /ʧeɪst/
  • • [to] CHAT /ʧæt/
  • • CHEAP /ʧiːp/
  • • [to] CHEAT /ʧiːt/
  • • CHECK /ʧɛk/
  • • CHEDDAR /ˈʧɛdər/
  • • [to] CHEER /ʧɪr/
  • • CHEER /ʧɪr/
  • • CHEERLEADERS /ˈʧɪrlidərz/
  • • CHEERS /ʧɪrz/
  • • CHEESE /ʧiːz/
  • • CHERRY /ˈʧɛri/
  • • CHESS /ʧɛs/
  • • CHEST /ʧɛst/
  • • [to] CHEW /ʧuː/
  • • CHICK /ʧɪk/
  • • CHICKEN /ˈʧɪkən/
  • • CHIEF /ʧiːf/
  • • CHILD /ʧaɪld/
  • • [to] CHILL /ʧɪl/
  • • CHILL /ʧɪl/
  • • CHIN /ʧɪn/
  • • CHINA /ˈʧaɪnə/
  • • CHIP /ʧɪp/
  • • [to] CHOKE /ʧoʊk/
  • • CHOCOLATE /ˈʧɑːklət/
  • • CHOICE /ʧɔɪs/
  • • [to] CHOOSE /ʧuːz/
  • • CHOSEN /ˈʧoʊzən/
  • • [to] CHOP /ʧɑːp/
  • • CHURCH /ʧɜːrtʃ/
  • • COACH /koʊʧ/
  • • COUCH /kaʊʧ/
  • • [to] DITCH /dɪʧ/
  • • DITCH /dɪʧ/
  • • DUTCH /dʌʧ/
  • • EACH /iːʧ/
  • • [to] EXCHANGE /ɪksˈʧeɪndʒ/
  • • EXCHANGE /ɪksˈʧeɪndʒ/
  • • H /eɪtʃ/
  • • [to] HATCH /hæʧ/
  • • HATCH /hæʧ/
  • • HITCH /hɪʧ/
  • • ITCH /ɪʧ/
  • • ITCHY /ˈɪʧi/
  • • KITCHEN /ˈkɪʧən/
  • • [to] LAUNCH /lɔːnʧ/
  • • LUNCH /lʌnʧ/
  • • [to] MARCH /mɑːrʧ/
  • • MARCH /mɑːrʧ/
  • • MASSACHUSETTS /ˌmæsəˈʧuːsɪts/
  • • MATCH /mæʧ/
  • • MUCH /mʌʧ/
  • • OUCH /aʊʧ/
  • • PATCH /pæʧ/
  • • [to] PITCH /pɪʧ/
  • • PITCH /pɪʧ/
  • • [to] PURCHASE /ˈpɜːrtʃəs/
  • • RANCH /ræntʃ/
  • • [to] REACH /riːʧ/
  • • RESEARCH /ˈriːˌsɜːrtʃ/
  • • RICH /rɪʧ/
  • • RICHARD /ˈrɪʧərd/
  • • SCOTCH /skɑːʧ/
  • • [to] SEARCH /sɜːrtʃ/
  • • SKETCH /skɛʧ/
  • • SLICH /slɪʧ/
  • • SPEECH /spiːʧ/
  • • [to] STRETCH /strɛʧ/
  • • SUCH /sʌʧ/
  • • [to] SWITCH /swɪʧ/
  • • SWITCH /swɪʧ/
  • • [to] TEACH /tiːʧ/
  • • TEACHER /ˈtiːʧər/
  • • [to] TOUCH /tʌʧ/
  • • [to] TWITCH /twɪʧ/
  • • TWITCH /twɪʧ/
  • • [to] UNHITCH /ˌʌnˈhɪʧ/
  • • [to] WATCH /wɑːʧ/
  • • WATCH /wɑːʧ/
  • • WHICH /wɪʧ/
  • • WITCH /wɪʧ/
  • • WRETCHED /ˈrɛʧɪd/


EXCEPTIONS:

  • • ADVENTURE /ədˈvɛntʃər/
  • • CAPPUCCINO /ˌkæpəˈtʃiːnoʊ/
  • • CHOIR /kwaɪr/
  • • CHORUS /ˈkɔːrəs/
  • • CULTURE /ˈkʌlʧər/
  • • FEATURE /ˈfiːʧər/
  • • FORTUNATE /ˈfɔːrtʃənət/
  • • FURNITURE /ˈfɜːrnɪʧər/
  • • FUTURE /ˈfjuːʧər/
  • • NATURAL /ˈnæʧərəl/
  • • NATURE /ˈneɪʧər/
  • • PICTURE /ˈpɪkʧər/
  • • QUESTION /ˈkwɛsʧən/
  • • RIGHTEOUS /ˈraɪʧəs/
  • • RITUAL /ˈrɪtʃuəl/
  • • SCHEDULE /ˈskedʒʊl/

GH /f/

  • [TO] COUGH /kɔːf/
  • COUGHED /kɔːft/
  • COUGHING /ˈkɔːfɪŋ/
  • ENOUGH /ɪˈnʌf/
  • [TO] LAUGH /læf/
  • LAUGHED /læft/
  • LAUGHING /ˈlæfɪŋ/
  • TOUGH /tʌf/

Voiced G /ʒ/

  • GARAGE /ɡəˈrɑːʒ/
  • MASSAGE /məˈsɑːʒ/


EXCEPTION:

  • VISION /ˈvɪʒən/

Silent N

  • • AUTUMN /ˈɔːtəm/
  • • COLUMN /ˈkɑːləm/
  • • DAMN /dæm/
  • • HYMN /hɪm/

Silent P

  • • COUP /kuː/
  • • CUPBOARD /ˈkʌbərd/
  • • PNEUMONIA /ˌnjuːˈmoʊniə/
  • • PSEUDO /ˈsuːdoʊ/
  • • PSYCHOTIC /saɪˈkɑːtɪk/
  • • PSYCHIATRIST /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/
  • • PSYCHIC /ˈsaɪkɪk/
  • • PSYCHOTHERAPY /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛrəpi/
  • • RASPBERRY /ˈræzˌbɛri/
  • • RECEIPT /rɪˈsiːt/

Silent R

  • • RANG /ræŋ/
  • • RAT /ræt/
  • • [to] REMEMBER /rɪˈmɛmbər/
  • • RICH /rɪʧ/
  • • [to] RING /rɪŋ/
  • • [to] RING /rɪŋ/
  • • ROOM /ruːm/
  • • RUG /rʌɡ/
  • • [to] RUN /rʌn/
  • • [to] RAN /rʌn/
  • • RUNG /ræŋ/
  • • RUNNING /ˈrʌnɪŋ/
  • • [to] RUSH /rʌʃ/
  • • RUSH /rʌʃ/

Silent S

  • • AISLE /aɪl/
  • • ISLAND /ˈaɪlənd/

Silent T

  • • BUTCHER /ˈbʊʧər/
  • • CASTLE /ˈkæsəl/
  • • CHRISTMAS /ˈkrɪsməs/
  • • [to] FASTEN /ˈfæsən/
  • • [to] HUSTLE /ˈhʌsəl/
  • • HUSTLE /ˈhʌsəl/
  • • [to] LISTEN /ˈlɪsən/
  • • MATCH /mæʧ/
  • • MORTGAGE /ˈmɔːrɡɪdʒ/
  • • MUSTN’T /ˈmʌsənt/
  • • [to] NESTLE /ˈnɛsəl/
  • • NESTLE /ˈnɛsəl/
  • • OFTEN /ˈɔːfən/
  • • [to] RUSTLE /ˈrʌsəl/
  • • [to] SOFTEN /ˈsɔːfən/
  • • [to] WATCH /wɑːʧ/
  • • WATCH /wɑːʧ/
  • • [to] WHISTLE /ˈwɪsəl/
  • • WITCH /wɪʧ/
  • • WRESTLING /ˈrɛslɪŋ/

Silent U

  • • BISCUIT /ˈbɪskɪt/
  • • BUILDING /ˈbɪldɪŋ/
  • • GUARD /ɡɑːrd/
  • • [to] GUESS /ɡɛs/
  • • GUESS /ɡɛs/
  • • GUEST /ɡɛst/
  • • GUILTY /ˈɡɪlti/
  • • GUITAR /ɡɪˈtɑːr/
  • • ROGUE /roʊɡ/
  • • TONGUE /tʌŋ/
  • • VOGUE /voʊɡ/

Silent W

  • • [to] ANSWER /ˈænsər/
  • • ANSWER /ˈænsər/
  • • SWORD /sɔːrd/
  • • TWO /tuː/
  • • WRESTLING /ˈrɛslɪŋ/
  • • WHOLE /hoʊl/
  • • [to] WRAP /ræp/
  • • [to] WRECK /rɛk/
  • • WRECK /rɛk/
  • • WREN /rɛn/
  • • [to] WRESTLE /ˈrɛsəl/
  • • [to] WRIGGLE /ˈrɪɡəl/
  • • WRINKLE /ˈrɪŋkəl/
  • • WRIST /rɪst/
  • • WRITING /ˈraɪtɪŋ/
  • • WRITTEN /ˈrɪtn/
  • • WRONG /rɔːŋ/
  • • WROTE /roʊt/

X /gz/ • /ks/ • /z/

When the "x" is followed by a consonant, it is usually pronounced as /gz/.
  • • [to] EXACERBATE /ɪɡˈzæsərbeɪt/
  • • EXACT /ɪɡˈzækt/
  • • EXACTLY /ɪɡˈzæktli/
  • • [to] EXAGGERATE /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/
  • • EXAGGERATED /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪtɪd/
  • • [to] EXALT /ɪɡˈzɔːlt/
  • • EXAM /ɪɡˈzæm/
  • • EXAMINATION /ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən/
  • • [to] EXAMINE /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/
  • • EXAMPLE /ɪɡˈzæmpəl/
  • • EXASPERATED /ɪɡˈzæspəreɪtɪd/
  • • EXECUTIVE /ɪɡˈzɛkjətɪv/
  • • EXEMPT /ɪɡˈzɛmpt/
  • • [to] EXIST /ɪɡˈzɪst/
  • • [to] EXONERATE /ɪɡˈzɑːnəreɪt/
  • • EXORBITANT /ɪɡˈzɔːrbətənt/
  • • EXOTIC /ɪɡˈzɑːtɪk/
  • • EXUBERANT /ɪɡˈzuːbərənt/
  • • [to] EXUDE /ɪɡˈzuːd/

EXCEPTIONS (pronounced /ɛks/):
  • • EXERCISE /ˈɛksərsaɪz/
  • • EXECUTION /ˌɛksəˈkjuːʃən/
  • • EXIT /ˈɛksɪt/
  • • [to] REEXIT /riˈɛksɪt/

SILENT “h” TREATED AS VOWEL SOUND (/ɪɡˈz/ or /ɛks/):
  • • EXHAUSTED /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/
  • • EXHIBIT /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/
  • • [to] EXHUME /ɪɡˈzuːm, ɪkˈsjuːm/
  • • [to] EXHORT /ɪɡˈzɔːrt/

NOT SILENT “h” (keep /eks/):
  • • [to] EXHALE /ɛksˈheɪl/
When the letter "x" is followed by a consonant sound, it is pronounced like /ks/.
  • • EXHIBITION /ˌɛksəˈbɪʃən/
  • • CONTEXT /ˈkɑːnˌtɛkst/
  • • EXTRA /ˈɛkstrə/
  • • EXCELLENT /ˈɛksələnt/
  • • EXTRACT /ˈɛkstrækt/
  • • EXCESS /ˈɛksɛs/
  • • EXCLAMATION /ˌɛkskləˈmeɪʃən/
  • • [to] EXCAVATE /ˈɛkskəˌveɪt/
  • • [to] EXHALE /ɛksˈheɪl/
  • • EXPERT /ˈɛkspɜːrt/
  • • EXPERTISE /ˌɛkspɜːrˈtiz/
  • • EXTROVERT /ˈɛkstrəvɜːrt/
  • • MEXICO /ˈmɛksɪko/
  • • NEXT /nɛkst/
  • • XBOX /ˈɛksˌbɑːks/
  • • X-RAY /ˈɛksˌreɪ/
  • • EXTREME /ɪkˈstrim/
  • • [to] EXTINGUISH /ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/
  • • EXTINGUISHER /ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃər/
  • • [to] EXPECT /ɪkˈspɛkt/
  • • EXCEPTION /ɪkˈsɛpʃən/
  • • [to] EXPECT /ɪkˈspɛkt/
  • • EXCITED /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/
  • • EXPERIMENT /ɪkˈspɛrəmənt/
  • • EXPERIENCE /ɪkˈspɪriəns/
  • • [to] EXTERMINATE /ɪkˈstɜːrmɪˌneɪt/
  • • EXCEPTION /ɪkˈsɛpʃən/
  • • [to] EXCEED /ɪkˈsid/
  • • [to] EXCEL /ɪkˈsɛl/
  • • [to] EXCHANGE /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/
  • • EXCHANGE /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/
  • • [to] EXCLUDE /ɪkˈskluːd/
  • • EXCURSION /ɪkˈskɜːrʒən/
  • • EXCUSE /ɪkˈskjuːs/
  • • EXPECTORANT /ɪkˈspɛktərənt/
  • • EXPENSE /ɪkˈspɛns/
  • • [to] EXPEL /ɪkˈspɛl/
  • • EXTREME /ɪkˈstrim/
  • • [to] EXPIRE /ɪkˈspaɪər/
  • • [to] EXPLAIN /ɪkˈspleɪn/
  • • [to] EXPLODE /ɪkˈsploʊd/
  • • [to] EXPLORE /ɪkˈsplɔːr/
  • • [to] EXPRESS /ɪkˈsprɛs/
  • • [to] EXPUNGE /ɪkˈspʌndʒ/
  • • [to] JINX /dʒɪŋks/
  • • JINX /dʒɪŋks/
  • • SIXTH /sɪksθ/

Remember: "x" is a consonant cluster, which means you must pronounce two consonants. It will be either /ks/ or /gz/.
  • • XANTHAN /ˈzænθən/
  • • XAVIER /ˈzeɪviər/
  • • XENOLITH /ˈzɛnəˌlɪθ/
  • • XEROGRAPHY /ˌzɛrəˈɡræfi/
  • • XEROX /ˈzɪˌrɑks/
  • • XYLOPHONE /ˈzaɪləfoʊn/
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